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--- exploring_lora [2018/09/29 11:38] – [3.1. Modifying the Radio Parameters] samer
+++ exploring_lora [2018/09/29 14:09] – [4.2. Packet Delivery Ratio] samer
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 As defined by Semtech, [[http://www.semtech.com/wireless-rf/internet-of-things/what_is_lora.html|LoRa]] is //a wireless technology developed to create the low-power, wide-area networks (LPWANs) required for machine-to-machine (M2M) and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The technology offers a very compelling mix of long range, low power consumption and secure data transmission and is gaining significant traction in IoT networks being deployed by wireless network operators//.
-In this lab, you will implement a prototype of LoRa communication between two wireless modules. This enables you to get hands-on experience with LoRa, assess the radio performance, and prepare future advanced prototypes and experimentations.
+In this lab, you will implement a prototype of LoRa communication between two wireless devices. This enables you to get hands-on experience with LoRa, assess the radio performance, and prepare future advanced prototypes and experimentations.
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   * What is the relation between processing gain and spreading factor in LoRa modulation? Explain.
   * How does the spreading factor impact the coverage of a LoRa transmitter?
-  * For each of the three possible configurations of your LoRa module, what is the transmission bit rate? Explain your computation.
+  * For each of the three possible configurations of your LoRa device, what is the transmission bit rate? Explain your computation.
   * Compute the receiver sensitivity, assuming the following parameters: channel bandwidth = 125 kHz, spreading factor = 7, coding rate = 4/5, bit error rate (BER) target = 10<sup>-4</sup>, and receiver noise figure = 6 dB. Refer to this {{ :1705.05899.pdf | article}} to determine the mapping between the BER and the SNR.
   * Compare the computed sensitivity to that provided by the {{ :an1200.22.pdf |Semtech Application Note AN1200.22}} for the same parameters.
@@ Line 67: / Line 67: @@
 ==== -. Modifying the Radio Parameters ====
-Download the {{ :sketch-1819.zip | basic sketches}} that implement a simple LoRa communication between the two modules. Open the sketches with Arduino IDE.
+Download the {{ :sketch-1819.zip | basic sketches}} that implement a simple LoRa communication between the two devices: a client and a server. Open the sketches with Arduino IDE. Make sure to choose the correct ''Board'' and ''Port'' in the ''Tools'' menu.
-Start by setting the central frequency of your LoRa modules according to the following table:
+Take a look at the source code in ''rf95_client.ino'' and ''rf95_server.ino''. Particularly, the ''setup'' function configures the radio parameters of your LoRa devices:
+  * Central frequency (freq)
+  * Spreading Factor (SF)
+  * Bandwidth (Bw)
+  * Coding Rate (CR)
+  * Transmit power (Pow)
+<code c++>
+rf95.setFrequency(frequency);
+// Setup Power,dBm
+rf95.setTxPower(13);
+// Setup Spreading Factor (6 ~ 12)
+rf95.setSpreadingFactor(7);
+// Setup BandWidth, option: 7800,10400,15600,20800,31250,41700,62500,125000,250000,500000
+//Lower BandWidth for longer distance.
+rf95.setSignalBandwidth(125000);
+// Setup Coding Rate:5(4/5),6(4/6),7(4/7),8(4/8)
+rf95.setCodingRate4(5);
+</code>
+In order to reduce collisions, configure the central frequency of your LoRa devices as indicated below:
 ^  Group Number  ^   Frequency     ^
@@ Line 84: / Line 108: @@
 |       11       |      868.7      |
 |       12       |      868.9      |
-The typical configuration for LoRa modules consists of 125 kHz sub-channels, a coding rate of 4/5, and a spreading factor equal to 7. You can modify the radio parameters by selecting one of the three available configurations:
 ==== -. Running Basic Sketches ====
-Download the {{ :sketch-1819.zip | basic sketches}} that implement a simple LoRa communication between the two modules. Open the sketches with Arduino IDE, compile and upload on the two arduino modules, respectively. On the serial interfaces, you should obtain similar results as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The client sends periodically a short message and towards the server. The server outputs the RSSI (received power in dBm) for each received message.
+Now you can compile and upload the client and server sketches on the two arduino devices, respectively. On the serial interfaces, you should obtain similar results as in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3. The client sends periodically a short message towards the server. The server outputs the RSSI (received power in dBm) for each received message.
 [{{ :client-iotlab1.png?direct&600 ||Figure 2. Client serial monitor}}]
@@ Line 97: / Line 118: @@
 In the following, you will design and implement a set of scenarios that enable to evaluate the performance of the LoRa modulation. As you will deal with scientific assessment, you are required to use scientific tools to show the results. You have the choice between [[http://www.gnuplot.info | gnuplot]], [[https://matplotlib.org/index.html#|matplotlib]] with Python, and MATLAB. Take some time to become familiar with one of these software as you will be required to use them in different occasions of your academic programme.
+As we are in presence of variable radio conditions, some experiments should be repeated multiple times and results can be shown as probability distributions. Take a look at this excellent repository of data visualisation tools [[https://www.data-to-viz.com]].
 ==== -. Time on Air ====
-In this section, you will measure the Time on Air (ToA) under the three different radio configurations and for different message sizes. The ToA is the time necessary to send a message on the radio interface.
+In this section, you will measure the Time on Air (ToA) as given by the time necessary to transmit a message on the radio interface. You will assess the impact of the spreading factor, bandwidth, coding rate, and the message size on the ToA.
-For this, you can start by implementing a function on the client that measures the time necessary for sending a message. For example, you can use the [[https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Micros| micros()]] function available in the arduino libraries.
+For this, you will start by implementing a function on the client that measures the time necessary for sending a message. For example, you can use the [[https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Micros| micros()]] function available in the arduino libraries. Now, you can modify one of the parameters (spreading factor, bandwidth, coding rate, message size) and record the impact on the ToA. Note well that you may need to repeat the expriment to obtain the statistical distributions.
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-  * Join commented extracts of your code and explain your approach for computing the ToA.
+  * Describe the scenarios you used for assessing the impact of the different parameters on the ToA. You can join commented extracts of your code.
-  * Draw a box plot of the ToA under the three different radio configurations and for three different message sizes.
+  * Visualise the experimental results by plotting the ToA as a function of each one of the different parameters.
-  * Analyze the obtained results and compare with the theoretical computations. You can superpose the theoretical results and the practical ones on the same graph.
+  * Analyze the obtained results and compare with the theoretical computations. You can superpose the theoretical results and the experimental ones on the same graph.
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 ==== -. Packet Delivery Ratio ====
-In this section, you will measure the Packet Error Rate (PER) under the three different radio configurations and for different transmission periods. For this, you can start by implementing a function on the client that measures the ratio of successfully delivered packets.
+In this section, you will measure the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) under the three different radio configurations and for different transmission periods. For this, you can start by implementing a function on the client that measures the ratio of successfully delivered packets.
 Only for this test, all groups are required to use the same frequency (for example 868.10 MHz).
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-In this section, you will measure the coverage of LoRa modules under the three different radio configurations. For this, you can start by identifying a set of Test Points (TP) on the campus. Then, you should implement a function that sends packets with different radio configurations. Note that the following functions in the Arduino sketch enable to modify //on the fly// the LoRa parameters:
+In this section, you will measure the coverage of LoRa devices under the three different radio configurations. For this, you can start by identifying a set of Test Points (TP) on the campus. Then, you should implement a function that sends packets with different radio configurations. Note that the following functions in the Arduino sketch enable to modify //on the fly// the LoRa parameters:
 <code c++>