exploring_lora
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exploring_lora [2018/09/27 17:00] – [2. Theoretical Study] samer | exploring_lora [2021/10/19 15:13] – samer | ||
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As defined by Semtech, [[http:// | As defined by Semtech, [[http:// | ||
- | In this lab, you will implement a prototype of LoRa communication between two wireless | + | In this lab, you will implement a prototype of LoRa communication between two wireless |
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</ | </ | ||
- | ===== -. Setting the Lab ===== | + | ===== - Setting the Lab ===== |
- | ==== -. Hardware Platform ==== | + | ==== - Hardware Platform ==== |
In order to design and implement experiments with LoRa, you will use the following devices: | In order to design and implement experiments with LoRa, you will use the following devices: | ||
- | * Arduino Mega (x2). | + | * Arduino Mega or Arduino Duemilanove |
* LoRa shields from [[http:// | * LoRa shields from [[http:// | ||
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* Give the main characteristics of the LoRa shield from Dragino (www.dragino.com). | * Give the main characteristics of the LoRa shield from Dragino (www.dragino.com). | ||
* What type of Antenna are you using? Explain the corresponding characteristics. | * What type of Antenna are you using? Explain the corresponding characteristics. | ||
- | * Give an estimated cost of your platform. | + | * Give an estimated cost of your devices. |
</ | </ | ||
- | + | ==== - Software Tools ==== | |
- | ==== -. Software Tools ==== | + | |
Download the following software on your PC: | Download the following software on your PC: | ||
- | * RadioHead: The Packet Radio library for embedded microprocessors can be downloaded from [[http://www.airspayce.com/mikem/ | + | * RadioHead: The Packet Radio library for embedded microprocessors can be downloaded from [[https://github.com/samerlahoud/ |
* Arduino IDE: Specific OS versions can be downloaded from [[https:// | * Arduino IDE: Specific OS versions can be downloaded from [[https:// | ||
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- | Note well the location | + | Make sure to restart your computer after the installation |
</ | </ | ||
- | ==== -. Installation ==== | + | |
+ | ==== - Installation ==== | ||
Start by plugging the Dragino shields on the Arduino devices and mounting the antennas as shown in Fig. 1. | Start by plugging the Dragino shields on the Arduino devices and mounting the antennas as shown in Fig. 1. | ||
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Connect the two Arduino devices to USB ports on your computer. If this is the first time you use Arduino IDE, make sure to install the necessary USB drivers by selecting '' | Connect the two Arduino devices to USB ports on your computer. If this is the first time you use Arduino IDE, make sure to install the necessary USB drivers by selecting '' | ||
- | Now, you have to choose the '' | + | Now, you have to choose the '' |
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For Arduino Mega 2560, additional drivers for Microsoft Windows can be installed from [[http:// | For Arduino Mega 2560, additional drivers for Microsoft Windows can be installed from [[http:// | ||
- | </WRAP> | + | For Arduino Duemilanove, |
+ | [[https:// | ||
- | ===== -. Theoretical Study ===== | + | </ |
+ | ===== - Theoretical Study ===== | ||
In this section, you will perform a theoretical assessment of the performance of LoRa modulation. You will later compare this theoretical results to the experimental ones as in a typical scientific study. | In this section, you will perform a theoretical assessment of the performance of LoRa modulation. You will later compare this theoretical results to the experimental ones as in a typical scientific study. | ||
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- | * What is the relation between processing gain and spreading factor in LoRa modulation? | + | * What is the relation between processing gain and spreading factor in LoRa modulation? |
* How does the spreading factor impact the coverage of a LoRa transmitter? | * How does the spreading factor impact the coverage of a LoRa transmitter? | ||
- | * For each of the three possible | + | * What is the transmission bit rate for each of the following |
+ | * Configuration 1: channel bandwidth = 125 kHz, spreading factor = 7, coding rate = 4/5 | ||
+ | * Configuration 2: channel bandwidth = 500 kHz, spreading factor = 7, coding rate = 4/5 | ||
+ | * Configuration 3: channel bandwidth = 125 kHz, spreading factor = 12, coding rate = 1/2 | ||
* Compute the receiver sensitivity, | * Compute the receiver sensitivity, | ||
* Compare the computed sensitivity to that provided by the {{ : | * Compare the computed sensitivity to that provided by the {{ : | ||
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In the remainder of this lab, you will conduct measurements to validate the obtained theoretical receiver sensitivity. | In the remainder of this lab, you will conduct measurements to validate the obtained theoretical receiver sensitivity. | ||
- | ===== -. Configuring and Running the Lab ===== | + | ===== - Configuring and Running the Lab ===== |
- | ==== -. Modifying the Radio Parameters ==== | + | ==== - Modifying the Radio Parameters ==== |
- | Start by setting | + | Download |
+ | |||
+ | Take a look at the source code in '' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Central frequency | ||
+ | * Spreading Factor | ||
+ | * Bandwidth | ||
+ | * Coding Rate | ||
+ | * Transmit power | ||
+ | |||
+ | <code c++> | ||
+ | rf95.setFrequency(frequency); | ||
+ | // Setup Power,dBm | ||
+ | rf95.setTxPower(13); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Setup Spreading Factor (6 ~ 12) | ||
+ | rf95.setSpreadingFactor(7); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Setup BandWidth, option: 7800, | ||
+ | //Lower BandWidth for longer distance. | ||
+ | rf95.setSignalBandwidth(125000); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Setup Coding Rate: | ||
+ | rf95.setCodingRate4(5); | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order to reduce collisions between simultaneous experiments, | ||
^ Group Number | ^ Group Number | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
+ | ==== - Running Basic Sketches ==== | ||
- | For this, open the '' | + | Now you can compile and upload |
- | <file cpp RH_RF95.cpp> | + | [{{ : |
- | setFrequency(86X.Y); | + | [{{ : |
- | </file> | + | ===== - Performance Evaluation ===== |
+ | In the following, you will design and implement a set of scenarios that enable to evaluate the performance of the LoRa modulation. As you will deal with scientific assessment, you are required to use scientific tools to show the results. You have the choice between [[http:// | ||
- | The typical configuration for LoRa modules consists | + | As we are in presence |
+ | ==== - Time on Air ==== | ||
- | * Bw125Cr45Sf128 | + | In this section, you will measure the Time on Air (ToA) that is given by the time necessary to transmit a packet on the radio interface. You will assess the impact of the spreading factor, bandwidth, coding rate, and packet size on the ToA. |
- | * Bw125Cr48Sf4096 | + | |
- | * Bw31_25Cr48Sf512 | + | |
- | Radio configuration is applied in '' | + | Start by implementing a function on the client that measures the time necessary for sending a packet. You can have recourse to the [[https://www.arduino.cc/ |
- | <file cpp RH_RF95.cpp> | + | |
- | setModemConfig(Bw125Cr45Sf128); | + | |
- | </ | + | |
- | ==== -. Running Basic Sketches ==== | + | |
- | Download | + | For example, |
- | [{{ : | + | As for the theoretical |
- | [{{ : | + | |
- | + | ||
- | In the remainder of this lab, you will conduct measurements to validate the obtained | + | |
- | ===== -. Performance Evaluation ===== | + | |
- | In the following, you will design and implement a set of scenarios that enable to evaluate | + | |
- | ==== -. Time on Air ==== | + | * The Semtech {{ :ds_sx1276-7-8-9_w_app_v5.pdf |specification}} (section 4.1.1.6) |
+ | * An explanatory video: https:// | ||
+ | * Various calculation tools available online: https:// | ||
- | In this section, you will measure | + | Note that all messages sent and received by the [[https:// |
- | For this, you can start by implementing a function on the client that measures the time necessary for sending a message. For example, you can use the [[https:// | + | * 8 symbol PREAMBLE |
+ | * Explicit header with header CRC (handled internally | ||
+ | * 4 octets HEADER: (TO, FROM, ID, FLAGS) | ||
+ | * 0 to 251 octets DATA | ||
+ | * CRC (handled internally by the radio) | ||
<WRAP center round help 100%> | <WRAP center round help 100%> | ||
- | * Join commented extracts of your code and explain your approach for computing the ToA. | + | |
- | * Draw a box plot of the ToA under the three different radio configurations and for three different | + | |
- | * Analyze the obtained results and compare with the theoretical computations. You can superpose the theoretical results and the practical | + | * Visualise the experimental results by plotting the ToA as a function of each one of the different |
+ | * Analyze the obtained results and compare with the theoretical computations. You can superpose the theoretical results and the experimental | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | ==== -. Packet Delivery Ratio ==== | + | ==== - [Classroom activity] Collisions and Packet Delivery Ratio ==== |
- | In this section, you will measure the Packet Error Rate (PER) under the three different radio configurations and for different transmission periods. For this, you can start by implementing a function | + | In this section, you will measure the impact of the packet arrival rate on the collision rate and consequently |
- | Only for this test, all groups are required to use the same frequency | + | The setting |
+ | * Only one server is required in the classroom. This server should compute the ratio of successfully delivered packets or PDR. | ||
+ | * All groups are required to use the same frequency, spreading factor, and coding rate. | ||
+ | * The average packet arrival rate is equal for all clients. | ||
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- | * Draw the PER as a function of the transmission period for the different radio configurations. Analyze your results. | + | * Draw the PDR as a function of the average arrival rate. Analyze your results. |
- | * What type of mathematical | + | * What type of mathematical |
</ | </ | ||
+ | ===== - Coverage Challenge ===== | ||
- | ==== -. Coverage ==== | + | Start by identifying a set of three geographical locations or Test Points (TP). These TPs should be astutely chosen to explore |
- | + | ||
- | + | ||
- | In this section, you will measure the coverage of LoRa modules under the three different radio configurations. For this, you can start by identifying a set of Test Points (TP) on the campus. Then, you should implement a function that sends packets | + | |
- | + | ||
- | <code c++> | + | |
- | rf95.setModemConfig(RH_RF95:: | + | |
- | rf95.setModemConfig(RH_RF95:: | + | |
- | rf95.setModemConfig(RH_RF95:: | + | |
- | </ | + | |
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- | * Draw the test points on a map. | + | * Draw the test points on a map and motivate your choices. |
- | * Give a statistical measure of the PER and the RSSI for each TP with each of the different | + | * Describe |
+ | * Visualise the experimental results by plotting the PDR for each TP and each radio configuration. | ||
+ | * Analyze the obtained results. | ||
</ | </ | ||
- | ==== -. Path Loss ==== | ||
- | In this section, you will study the properties of the radio channel | + | You are now required to establish a record of LoRa coverage. You can certainly unleash your scientific imagination, but some rules must be followed to validate |
+ | |||
+ | * Direct transmission between | ||
+ | * 3D distance is computed between devices [[http:// | ||
+ | * PDR must be higher than 10% as computed for 100 packets. | ||
+ | * Supporting live video and screen capture should be used to authenticate | ||
+ | |||
+ | You can use [[https:// | ||
<WRAP center round help 100%> | <WRAP center round help 100%> | ||
- | * Provide | + | * Compute |
- | * Draw the RSSI values as a function | + | * Provide |
- | * What is the path loss exponent? | + | * Compare the received power obtained |
- | * Using regressions, compute a value of the path loss exponent. Analyze the result. | + | * Prepare a short presentation (5 minutes pitch) to describe your experiment. |
- | * Compare the obtained | + | |
</ | </ | ||
- | |||
- | In order to compute distances in your experiment, you can get the GPS coordinates as recorded by your smartphone using an application such as [[https:// | ||
- | ===== -. Coverage Challenge ===== | ||
+ | <WRAP center round important 75%> | ||
+ | This challenge and the corresponding grading is considered as a part of the final project. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | ===== - Grading ===== | ||
- | ===== -. Grading ===== | + | | |
- | + | ^ Techniques for Engineering Practice | |
- | | ^ Exemplary | + | ^ Skills for Engineering Practice |
- | ^ Answer | + | ^ Engineering tools | Students showed advanced ability |
- | ^ Design experiments | + | ^ Problem solving |
- | ^ Analyse results | + | ^ Results and analysis |
+ | ^ Motivation, initiative, and creativity | ||
+ | ^ Written communication skills | ||
+ | ^ Scientific referencing |
exploring_lora.txt · Last modified: 2021/10/20 12:52 by samer